@article {2025:tplop,
	title = {An Extended Pattern Collection for Blockchain-Based Applications},
	journal = {Transactions on Pattern Languages of Programming (TPLOP)},
	volume = {14630},
	year = {2025},
	month = {March},
	pages = {67{\textendash}117},
	abstract = {Blockchain is an emerging technology that enables new forms of decentralized software architectures, where distributed components
can reach agreements on shared system states without trusting a central integration point. Blockchain provides a shared infrastructure to execute
programs, called smart contracts, and to store data. Since blockchain technologies are at an early stage, there is a lack of a systematically organized knowledge providing a holistic view on designing software systems that use blockchain. We view blockchain as a component of a bigger software system, which requires patterns for using blockchain in the design of the software architecture. In this paper, we collect a list of patterns for blockchain-based applications. The pattern collection is categorized into five categories, including interaction with external world patterns, data
management patterns, security patterns, structural patterns of contracts, and user interaction patterns. Some patterns are designed considering the nature of blockchain and how blockchains can be specifically introduced within real-world applications. Others are variants of existing design patterns applied in the context of blockchain-based applications and smart contracts.},
	keywords = {blockchain, patterns},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-662-70810-1_2},
	url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.16017},
	author = {Xiwei Xu and Cesare Pautasso and Sin Kuang Lo and Liming Zhu and Qinghua Lu and Ingo Weber}
}
@conference {2018:blockchain:europlop,
	title = {A Pattern Collection for Blockchain-based Applications},
	booktitle = {23rd European Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs (EuroPLoP)},
	year = {2018},
	month = {July},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {Kloster Irrsee, Germany},
	abstract = {Blockchain is an emerging technology that enables new forms of decentralized software architectures, where distributed components can reach agreements on shared system states without trusting a central integration point. Blockchain provides a shared infrastructure to execute programs, called smart contracts, and to store data. Since blockchains are at an early stage, there is a lack of a systematic and holistic view on designing software systems that use blockchain. We view blockchain as part of a bigger system, which requires patterns of using blockchain in the design of the bigger systems. In this paper, we collect a list of patterns for blockchain-based applications. The pattern collection is categorized into four types, including interaction with external world patterns, data management patterns, security patterns and contract structural patterns. Some patterns are designed specifically based on real-world blockchain-based applications considering the nature of blockchain. Others are variants of existing design patterns applied in the context of blockchain-based applications and smart contracts.},
	keywords = {blockchain, patterns},
	doi = {10.1145/3282308.3282312},
	url = {https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3282312},
	author = {Xiwei Xu and Cesare Pautasso and Liming Zhu and Qinghua Lu and Ingo Weber}
}
@conference {2017:icsa:blockchain,
	title = {A Taxonomy of Blockchain-based Systems for Architecture Design},
	booktitle = {1st IEEE International Conference on Software Architecture (ICSA 2017)},
	year = {2017},
	month = {April},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Gothenburg, Sweden},
	abstract = {Blockchain is an emerging technology for decentralised and transactional data sharing across a large network of untrusted participants. It enables new forms of distributed software architectures, where agreement on shared states can be established without trusting a central integration point. A major difficulty for architects designing applications based on blockchain is that the technology has many configurations and variants. Since blockchains are at an early stage, there is little product data or reliable technology evaluation available to compare different blockchains. In this paper, we propose how to classify and compare blockchains and blockchain-based systems to assist with the design and assessment of their impact on software architectures. Our taxonomy captures major architectural characteristics of blockchains and the impact of their principal design decisions. This taxonomy is intended to help with important architectural considerations about the performance and quality attributes of blockchain-based systems.},
	keywords = {blockchain, software architecture},
	author = {Xiwei Xu and Ingo Weber and Liming Zhu and Mark Staples and Jan Bosch and Len Bass and Cesare Pautasso and Paul Rimba}
}
@conference {blockchain:2016:wicsa,
	title = {The Blockchain as a Software Connector},
	booktitle = {13th Working IEEE/IFIP Conference on Software Architecture (WICSA 2016)},
	year = {2016},
	month = {April},
	address = {Venice, Italy},
	abstract = {Blockchain is an emerging technology for decentralized and transactional data sharing across a large network of untrusted participants. It enables new forms of distributed software architectures, where components can find agreements on their shared states without trusting a central integration point or any particular participating components. Considering the blockchain as a software connector helps make explicitly important architectural considerations on the resulting performance and quality attributes (for example, security, privacy, scalability and sustainability) of the system. Based on our experience in several projects using blockchain, in this paper we provide rationales to support the architectural decision on whether to employ a decentralized blockchain as opposed to other software solutions, like traditional shared data storage. Additionally, we explore specific implications of using the blockchain as a software connector including design trade-offs regarding quality attributes.},
	keywords = {blockchain, software connector},
	author = {Xiwei Xu and Cesare Pautasso and Liming Zhu and Vincent Gramoli and Alexander Ponomarev and An Binh Tran and Shiping Chen}
}
