@phdthesis {97,
	title = {A Flexible System for Visual Service Composition},
	volume = {PhD},
	year = {2004},
	school = {ETH Zurich, Computer Science Department},
	type = {PhD Thesis},
	abstract = {This dissertation brings together ideas of different research areas. First of all, we propose the application of visual languages to service composition. In order to connect basic services of various kinds into a larger system, their interactions along the time dimension are defined with the JOpera Visual Composition Language. As opposed to the textual or XML-based syntax of existing approaches, our language features a very simple graphical notation. This visual syntax is used to specify the data flow and control flow graphs linking the various service invocations. This way, it becomes possible to rapidly build distributed applications out of a set of reusable services by literally drawing the interactions between them. To achieve this, we present how usability features such as automatic, incremental graph layout and visual scalability features such as multiple views have been driving the design of JOpera{\textquoteright}s visual service composition environment. To provide support for realistic application scenarios, we have also included recursion, iteration and reflection constructs with minimal changes to the syntax of the visual language. Supported by the JOpera system, our visual language for service composition has been applied to many scenarios, as documented by the examples shown throughout the dissertation. Underneath the visual syntax, our approach to modeling service composition is based on the concept of process. In this dissertation we borrow the notion of business process so that it can be extended to model service oriented architectures. Thus, the structure of a process defines the partial order of invocation of its services, the data exchanges between them and the necessary failure handling behavior. In this context, an important contribution of this dissertation is the idea that a composition language should be orthogonal with respect to the types of components that are employed. More precisely, in our approach, composition is defined at the level of service interfaces. Therefore, a process is completely independent from the mechanisms and protocols used to access the implementation of its services. In other words, we introduce a composition language which is not limited to describing how components of a specific type (e.g., Web services) should be composed. Instead, in our open component meta-model, we generalize the notion of service by abstracting common features among a large set of different component types. This abstraction has several important implications. By supporting a large and open set of types of services, the composition language is simplified because many constructs (e.g., modeling synchronous or asynchronous service invocation) can be shifted from the composition language to the component meta-model. Also, the service composer is free to choose the most appropriate mechanism to access the functionality of an existing service. Thus, the runtime overhead of a service invocation can be minimized as it becomes possible to choose the most effcient access mechanism. This optimization regarding the service access mechanism would not make much of a difference regarding the overall system{\textquoteright}s performance if the execution of the visual language would incur in a high overhead, as typically process-based languages are executed by an interpreter. On the contrary, in this dissertation we propose to compile the visual specification of a process into executable code. One of the challenges of doing so is that the resulting code should still support the concurrent execution of multiple process instances. The choice of applying compilation to the execution of processes brings the following benefits. In addition to the potential for providing better performance through the optimization of the generated code, compiling processes also helps to simplify the design of the corresponding runtime system. As opposed to having a full-blown process interpreter, it is enough to design and build a flexible container of compiled processes. Following this approach, in the last part of the dissertation we present the design of a flexible architecture for a process support system. Flexibility is an important aspect of our design which, according to our experimental results, does not contradict the goal of building an efficient system. First, flexibility enables JOpera to support heterogeneous types of services. To do so, plug-ins are used to map the invocation of a service to the corresponding protocol in the most effcient manner. Second, the flexible architecture of JOpera{\textquoteright}s kernel can be deployed in a variety of configurations. This way, costly features such as reliable process execution can be added only if they are truly needed. Likewise, the system shows good scalability when deployed in a cluster-based configuration, as large workloads are shared among multiple cluster nodes. Thanks to a wise choice of architectural abstractions, the code generated by the compiler is kept independent of the actual configuration of the kernel into which it is loaded. Third, flexibility is also a fundamental property for an autonomic system, where the optimal configuration is determined automatically at runtime.},
	keywords = {JOpera, visual service composition, Web service composition},
	doi = {10.3929/ethz-a-004860667},
	url = {https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/72796},
	author = {Cesare Pautasso}
}
@conference {94,
	title = {Visual composition of Web services},
	booktitle = {IEEE Symposium on Human Centric Computing Languages and Environments (HCC 2003)},
	year = {2003},
	month = {October},
	pages = {92 - 99},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	address = {Auckland, New Zealand},
	abstract = {Composing Web services into a coherent application can be a tedious and error prone task when using traditional textual scripting languages. As an alternative, complex interactions patterns and data exchanges between different Web services can be effectively modeled using a visual language. In this paper we discuss the requirements of such an application scenario and we present the design of the BioOpera Flow Language. This visual composition language has been fully implemented in a development environment for Web service composition with usability features emphasizing rapid development and visual scalability.},
	keywords = {JOpera, visual languages, visual service composition, Web service composition, Web services},
	doi = {10.1109/HCC.2003.1260208},
	url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/lpdocs/epic03/wrapper.htm?arnumber=1260208},
	author = {Cesare Pautasso and Gustavo Alonso}
}
