@article {2026:jiot,
	title = {BPSmart-CARE: a framework for managing contextualized actions in IoT systems through the integration of business process modelling and complex event processing},
	journal = {Internet of Things},
	volume = {36},
	year = {2026},
	month = {March},
	chapter = {101887},
	abstract = {The exponential growth of Internet of Things (IoT) sensors and data has led to multiple software applications which aim at collecting, monitoring, controlling, and automating decisions based on such data in several domains such as smart cities. Even though early IoT frameworks and software architectures relied on correlating data from a single application domain, missing opportunities to improve contextualisation; in the last years several Complex Event Processing (CEP)-based frameworks and applications have been provided to improve the correlation of data from heterogenous domains, facilitating context-aware decision making. However, several issues remain unsolved: on the one hand, frameworks should not only provide the means for data correlation and contextualisation, but also for the definition of customisable real-time actions based on the context. On the other hand, CEP patterns update remains static in these frameworks, while there is a need for dynamically updating CEP pattern logic to adapt to changing contexts in real time. Even more, CEP patterns logic understanding might also be a handicap for developers. To face these challenges, in this paper, we enhance an existent CEP-based framework and software architecture by incorporating Business Process Modelling (BPM) to facilitate the definition of CEP patterns rationale, manage interdependencies between patterns, define and handle contextualised user actions, and enable real-time updating of CEP pattern logic based on detected situations. The proposed approach is illustrated through a case study, assessed via usability and performance evaluations, which show improvements in comprehensibility, maintainability, and updatability of CEP-based software applications for context-aware IoT scenarios.},
	keywords = {BPMN, Complex Event Processing, Internet of Things},
	doi = {10.1016/j.iot.2026.101887},
	author = {Adrian Bazan-Mu{\~n}oz and Cesare Pautasso and Guadalupe Ortiz and Alfonso Garcia- de-Prado}
}
@inproceedings {2025:fc4mc:dlt4bpm,
	title = {Gas Management Patterns in Blockchain-enabled Process Execution},
	year = {2025},
	month = {September},
	publisher = {Springer},
	address = {Seville, Spain},
	abstract = {In this paper, we present a methodology for modeling efficient gas management in blockchain-enabled collaborative business processes. We introduce four patterns designed to optimize and manage gas fees throughout business process execution. These patterns are formally represented using BPMN to provide a clear visual framework for integration into business workflows. Furthermore, we translate these patterns into Solidity smart contracts and evaluate their performance within a real-world business scenario. Our approach aims to enhance the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of blockchain-based process execution.},
	keywords = {blockchain, BPMN, Collaborative processes, Gas Management, Solidity},
	url = {https://dlt4bpm.github.io/assets/papers/BPM_2025_paper_348.pdf},
	author = {Hassan Atwi and Cesare Pautasso}
}
@article {2022:sosym:bpmn,
	title = {Live process modeling with the BPMN Sketch Miner},
	journal = {Software and Systems Modeling},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2022},
	month = {October},
	pages = {1877{\textendash}1906},
	abstract = {BPMN Sketch Miner is a modeling environment for generating visual business process models starting from constrained natural language textual input. Its purpose is to support business process modelers who need to rapidly sketch visual BPMN models during interviews and design workshops, where participants should not only provide input but also give feedback on whether the sketched visual model represents accurately what has been described during the discussion. In this article, we present a detailed description of the BPMN Sketch Miner design decisions and list the different control flow patterns supported by the current version of its textual DSL. We also summarize the user study and survey results originally published in MODELS 2020 concerning the tool usability and learnability and present a new performance evaluation regarding the visual model generation pipeline under actual usage conditions. The goal is to determine whether it can support a rapid model editing cycle, with live synchronization between the textual description and the visual model. This study is based on a benchmark including a large number of models (1350 models) exported by users of the tool during the year 2020. The main results indicate that the performance is sufficient for a smooth live modeling user experience and that the end-to-end execution time of the text-to-model-to-visual pipeline grows linearly with the model size, up to the largest models (with 195 lines of textual description) found in the benchmark workload.},
	keywords = {BPMN, text to visual, Textual Modelling DSL},
	issn = {1619-1366},
	doi = {10.1007/s10270-022-01009-w},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10270-022-01009-w$\#$citeas},
	author = {Ana Ivanchikj and Souhaila Serbout and Cesare Pautasso}
}
@conference {2020:bpmn-sketch-miner:models,
	title = {From Text to Visual BPMN Process Models: Design and Evaluation},
	booktitle = {23rd International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems (MODELS)},
	year = {2020},
	month = {October},
	pages = {229{\textendash}239},
	publisher = {ACM/IEEE},
	organization = {ACM/IEEE},
	address = {Montreal, Canada},
	abstract = {Most existing Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) editing tools are graphical, and as such based on explicit modeling, requiring good knowledge of the notation and its semantics, as well as the ability to analyze and abstract business requirements and capture them by correctly using the notation. As a consequence, their use can be cumbersome for live modeling during interviews and design workshops, where participants should not only provide input but also give feedback on how it has been represented in a model. To overcome this, in this paper we present the design and evaluation of BPMN Sketch Miner, a tool which combines notes taking in constrained natural language with process mining to automatically produce BPMN diagrams in real time as interview participants describe them with stories. In this work we discuss the design decisions regarding the trade-off between using mining vs. modelling in order to: 1) support a larger number of BPMN constructs in the textual language; 2) target both BPMN beginners and business analysts, in addition to the process participants themselves. The evaluation of the new version of the tool in terms of how it balances the expressiveness and learnability of its DSL with the usability of the text-to-visual sketching environment shows encouraging results. Namely while BPMN beginners could model a non-trivial process with the tool in a relatively short time and with good accuracy, business analysts appreciated the usability of the tool and the expressiveness of the language in terms of supported BPMN constructs.},
	keywords = {BPMN, domain specific languages, live modeling, text to visual},
	doi = {10.1145/3365438.3410990},
	author = {Ana Ivanchikj and Souhaila Serbout and Cesare Pautasso}
}
@proceedings {2017:benchflow:bpmds,
	title = {Performance Comparison Between BPMN 2.0 Workflow Management Systems Versions},
	year = {2017},
	month = {June},
	publisher = {Springer},
	address = {Essen, Germany},
	abstract = {Software has become a rapidly evolving artifact and Workflow Management Systems (WfMSs) are not an exception. WfMSs{\textquoteright} changes may impact key performance indicators or resource consumption levels may change among different versions. Thus, users considering a WfMS upgrade need to evaluate the extent of such changes for frequently issued workload.  Deriving such information requires running performance experiments with appropriate workloads. 
In this paper, we propose a novel method for deriving a structurally representative workload from a given business process collection, which we later use to evaluate the performance and resource consumption over four versions of two open-source WfMSs, for different numbers of simulated users. In our case study scenario the results reveal relevant variations in the WfMSs{\textquoteright} performance and resource consumption, indicating a decrease in performance for newer versions.},
	keywords = {BenchFlow, BPMN, Performance Regression, Performance Testing, workflow engine, Workflow Management Systems},
	author = {Vincenzo Ferme and Marigianna Skouradaki and Ana Ivanchikj and Cesare Pautasso and Frank Leymann}
}
@conference {benchflow:2017:bpm,
	title = {On the Performance Overhead of BPMN Modeling Practices},
	booktitle = {15th International Conference on Business Process Management (BPM2017)},
	year = {2017},
	month = {September},
	pages = {216--232},
	publisher = {Springer},
	organization = {Springer},
	address = {Barcelona, Spain},
	abstract = {Business process models can serve different purposes, from discussion and analysis among stakeholders, to simulation and execution. 
While work has been done on deriving modeling guidelines to improve understandability, it remains to be determined how different modeling practices impact the execution of the models. 
In this paper we observe how semantically equivalent, but syntactically different, models behave in order to assess the performance impact of different modeling practices. 
To do so, we propose a methodology for systematically deriving semantically equivalent models by applying a set of model transformation rules and for precisely measuring their execution performance. 
We apply the methodology on three scenarios to systematically explore the performance variability of 16 different versions of parallel, exclusive, and inclusive control flows. 
Our experiments with two open-source business process management systems measure the execution duration of each model{\textquoteright}s instances. 
The results reveal statistically different execution performance when applying different modeling practices without total ordering of performance ranks.
},
	keywords = {BenchFlow, BPMN, performance},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-65000-5_13},
	author = {Ana Ivanchikj and Vincenzo Ferme and Cesare Pautasso}
}
@conference {benchflow:2016:caise,
	title = {Micro-Benchmarking BPMN 2.0 Workflow Management Systems with Workflow Patterns},
	booktitle = {Proc. of the 28th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAISE)},
	year = {2016},
	month = {June},
	pages = {67--82},
	publisher = {Springer},
	organization = {Springer},
	address = {Ljubljana, Slovenia},
	abstract = {Although Workflow Management Systems (WfMSs) are a key component in workflow technology, research work for assessing and comparing their performance is limited. This work proposes the first micro- benchmark for WfMSs that can execute BPMN 2.0 workflows. To this end, we focus on studying the performance impact of well-known workflow patterns expressed in BPMN 2.0 with respect to three open source WfMSs (i.e., Activiti, jBPM and Camunda). We executed all the experiments under a reliable environment and produced a set of meaningful metrics. This paper contributes to the area of workflow technology by defining building blocks for more complex BPMN 2.0 WfMS benchmarks. The results have shown bottlenecks on architectural design decisions, resource utilization, and limits on the load a WfMS can sustain, especially for the cases of complex and parallel structures. Experiments on a mix of workflow patterns indicated that there are no unexpected performance side effects when executing different workflow patterns concurrently, although the duration of the individual workflows that comprised the mix was increased.},
	keywords = {BenchFlow, benchmarking, BPMN, Microbenchmark, workflow engine, Workflow Management Systems, workflow patterns},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-39696-5_5},
	url = {http://www2.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/cgi-bin/NCSTRL/NCSTRL_view.pl?id=INPROC-2016-05\&engl=0},
	author = {Marigianna Skouradaki and Vincenzo Ferme and Cesare Pautasso and Frank Leymann and Andr{\'e} van Hoorn}
}
@demo {benchflow:2015:bpmeter,
	title = {BPMeter: Web Service and Application for Static Analysis of BPMN 2.0 Collections},
	year = {2015},
	month = {August},
	pages = {30-34},
	publisher = {Springer},
	address = {Innsbruck, Austria},
	abstract = {The number of business process models is constantly increasing as companies realize the competitive advantage of managing their processes. Measuring their size and structural properties can give useful insights. With the BPMeter tool, process owners can quickly compare their process with company{\textquoteright}s process portfolio, researchers can statically analyze a process to see which modeling language features have been used in practice, while modelers can obtain an aggregated view over their processes. In this demonstration we show how to use BPMeter, which provides a simple Web application to visualize the results of applying over 100 different size and structure metrics to BPMN 2.0 process models. The visualization features measurements, statistics and the possibility to compare the measurements with the ones obtained from the entire portfolio. Moreover we show how to invoke its RESTful Web API so that the BPMeter analyzer can be easily integrated with existing process management tools.},
	keywords = {BenchFlow, BPMN, Workflow Static Analysis},
	author = {Ana Ivanchikj and Vincenzo Ferme and Cesare Pautasso}
}
@conference {benchflow:2015:bpm,
	title = {A Framework for Benchmarking BPMN 2.0 Workflow Management Systems},
	booktitle = {13th International Conference on Business Process Management (BPM 2015)},
	year = {2015},
	month = {August},
	publisher = {Springer},
	organization = {Springer},
	address = {Innsbruck, Austria},
	keywords = {BenchFlow, BPMN, Workflow Benchmarking},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-23063-4_18},
	author = {Vincenzo Ferme and Ana Ivanchikj and Cesare Pautasso}
}
